Optical relay for a microscope and a back aperture viewer therefor

ABSTRACT

A relay lens system for use with a microscope to provide a station having a location optically equivalent to the back focal plane of the microscope objective is improved by using two identical lens components having different front and back focal lengths and arranged on the optical axis with opposite axial orientations. A back aperture viewer may be selectively positioned on the optical axis for viewing an optical element at said station.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an improved microscope optical relay system and back aperture viewer. More particularly, this invention relates to a relay system including two identical optical components having different front and back focal lengths with one component axially arranged opposite the other. This invention also is directed further to a back aperture viewer for observing optical elements located in a station at a location optically equivalent to the back focal plane of a microscope objective.

A number of microscopy techniques require positioning an optical element either at or very near the back focal plane of a microscope objective. Difficulties are encountered in many objectives, particularly those of higher power, because the back focal plane is located within the physical structure of the objective. Often, the back focal plane is located within a glass lens element. U.S. Pat. No. 3,628,848 issued to Georges Nomarski on Dec. 21, 1971 describes certain microscopy techniques in which it is desirable to locate an optical element in the back focal plane of the microscope objective. Nomarski also notes that, because of the inaccessability of the back focal plane, it may be desirable to use a relay providing a remote station in which such optical elements can be located in a position optically equivalent to the back focal plane of the objective. Optical elements of the type desirable to locate in such a station are described in commonly owned co-pending application Ser. No. 594,989, filed July 11, 1975.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical relay for obtaining a remote station optically equivalent to the back focal plane of a microscope objective.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a relay without introducing significant aberrations of the of the object image.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a viewer for selectively observing the positioning of an optical element at such a remote station.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND DRAWINGS

The present invention is directed to an optical relay for providing a remote station having a location optically equivalent to the back aperture plane of a microscope objective without introducing aberrations or distortions of the object image ,bserved through the eyepiece. The relay system includes two identical lens components having different front and back focal planes which are positioned on the optical axis of the relay in opposing axial orientation. The differing focal length can be obtained by either having different radii of curvature on each of the external surfaces or in the case of doublets and triplets on the internal surfaces.

The back aperture viewer includes a means selectively positionable on the optical axis to deflect light passing between the remote station and the eyepiece through a lens located along an alternate axis. After the light has passed through the lens, it is redirected along the original optical axis. Thus, when one desires to observe the position of an optical element located in the remote station, the deflector is selectively positioned on the optical axis and the lens on the alternate axis forcuses an image of the optical element in the focal plane of the eyepiece.

FIG. 1 is an optical diagram of the relay system and back aperture viewer according to the present invention.

DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Diagrammatically, a microscope having four objectives O with back focal planes B, B', B" and B'", respectively, is aligned on an optical axis with relay component I. Light passing through component I is deflected by mirrors D₁, D₂ and D₃ through a second lens component II to provide a station Y having optically equivalent locations E, E', E" and E'" to the respective back focal planes B, B', B" and B'". In normal use, light leaving the station Y passes through the remainder of the microscope to eyepiece E. Polarizer P, quarter wave plate γ and analyzer A are conventional optical elements for microscopy techniques such as those taught by Nomarski or Osterberg et al in U.S. Pat. No. 2,516,905.

Lens components I and II are identical elements but of opposite axial orientation. Preferably, lens components I and II are identical triplets having different front and back focal lengths. The parameters of these lenses and their spacings, relative to the back focal plane, each other and the optical element positioned at the remote optically equivalent station are set forth in Table I with axial spacing designated S to S₂, lens radii designated R₁ to R₈, wherein a minus sign (-) applies to surfaces whose center of curvature lies on the back focal plane side of their vertices, and lens thicknesses designated T₁ to T₆. All radii, spacings and thicknesses beikng in millimeters. The refractive indices and Abbe numbers of the glasses in the successive lenses are designated ND₁ to ND₆ and ν₁ to ν₆.

                                      TABLE I                                      __________________________________________________________________________                              Index of                                                                               Abbe                                          Lens                                                                              Radius  Thickness                                                                            Spacing Refraction                                                                             Number                                        __________________________________________________________________________                      S  =149.09                                                                     S' =156.50                                                                     S"  =158.52                                                                    S'" =166.42                                                      R.sub.1 = 128.461                                                                      T.sub.1 =5.22 ND.sub.1 =1.54739                                                                      ν.sub.1 =53.63                                R.sub.2 = -59.123                                                            I         T.sub.2 =4.00 ND.sub.2 =1.65332                                                                      ν.sub.2 =39.71                                R.sub.3 =  83.524                                                                      T.sub.3 =4.30 ND.sub.3 =1.65844                                                                      ν.sub.3 =50.88                                R.sub.4 =-175.509                                                                            S.sub.1  =327.11                                                 R.sub.5 = 175.509                                                                      T.sub.4 =4.30 ND.sub.4 =1.65884                                                                      ν.sub.4 =50.88                                R.sub.6 = -83.524                                                           II         T.sub.5 =4.00 ND.sub.5 =1.65332                                                                      ν.sub.5 =39.71                                R.sub.7 =  59.123                                                                      T.sub.6 =5.22 ND.sub.6 =1.54739                                                                      ν.sub. 6 =53.63                               R.sub.8 =-128.461                                                                            S.sub.2  =177.85                                                               S.sub.2 ' =170.60                                                              S.sub.2 " =168.44                                                              S.sub.2 '"=161.22                                             __________________________________________________________________________

The microscopy techniques noted above require precision positioning of optical elements E, E', E" and E'" in their respective locations in the station. Note that they are to be properly aligned with the image of an optical element PA, such as taught by Nomarski and Osterberg et al, located in the front focal plane of condenser C. In order to perform the positioning of optical elements E, E', E" and E'" without removing eyepiece EP, it is necessary to use a selectively operable viewing system adapted to image each respective optical element in the eyepiece focal plane. Deflector 4 is selectively positionable on the optical axis to provide an alternate axis 6 by virtue of reflecting surface 1. A prism with reflective surfaces 2 and 3 returns the alternate axis toward observation axis 5 between reflective surface 3 and the second reflective surface 4 of deflector D₄ through axially-slideable focusing lens III. Reflective surface 4 returns the alternate axis to the path of the observation axis. Lens III is axially slideable to permit selective positioning for focusing an image of a chosen one of optical elements E, E', E" and E'" in eyepiece EP. Deflectors 7 and 8 do not form a part of the present invention and with telescope T usually are a part of the eyepiece body of a microscope without the relay system of the present invention. Deflector 6 is used to introduce light passing across observation axis 5 into the eyepiece body through telescope T.

Focusing lens III is a biconvex doublet comprising a meniscus-shaped singlet and cemented to a biconvex singlet. The parameters of the viewing system with axial spaces being designated S₃ to S₇, lens radii being designated R₉ to R₁₁, wherein a minus sign (-) indicates a center of curvature on the optical element side of the lens, lens thicknesses designated T₇ and T₈, indices of refraction and Abbe numbers are absolute values designated ND₇, ND₈, ν₇, and ν₈, respectively, are determined by the following relationship.

    __________________________________________________________________________                                 Index of                                                                               Abbe                                       Lens                                                                               Radius Thickness                                                                            Space      Refraction                                                                             Number                                     __________________________________________________________________________                      S.sub.3  =32.00                                                                S.sub.3 ' =39.25                                                               S.sub.3 " =41.41                                                               S.sub.3 '"=48.63                                                               S.sub.4  =56.05                                                                S.sub.5  =17.30                                                                S.sub.6  = 9.57 to 41.57                                          R.sub.9 = 609.60                                                                      T.sub.7 =2.00    ND.sub.7 =1.61633                                                                      ν.sub.7 =31.0                           III R.sub.10 = 49.49                                                                      T.sub.8 =2.90    ND.sub.8 =1.52047                                                                      ν.sub.8 =69.7                               R.sub.11 =-59.96                                                                            S.sub.7  =46.48 to 14.48                                      __________________________________________________________________________

wherein all radii thicknesses are in millimeters.

It will be apparent that the foregoing values are variable. Other forms are thus possible and changes may be made in the values of the constructional data named without departing from the spirit of this invention.

The apparent excess precision implied by the large number of decimal places is somewhat fictitious for a number of reasons. For instance, varying radii (larger in particular) by several millimeters would produce only minimal changes, mostly in focal length. Variations in thicknesses of point 1 to point 2mm would not adversely affect performance. In fact, large regions of design exist (assuming that radii and thicknesses are properly balanced). 

What is claimed is:
 1. In a microscope having an observation system including in optical alignment along an axis, an objective, a telescope lens and an eyepiece, said objective having a back focal plane and said eyepiece having an image plane, a relay lens system to relay said back focal plane to an optically equivalent location in a station positioned between said objective and said telescope lens and an optical element at said station selectively positionable in said location for rendering said optical element operable in a manner equivalent to being positioned in said back focal plane, the improvement comprising, said relay lens system having first and second identical positive components, said components having parameters of lens radii (R₁ - R₈), wherein a minus sign (-) indicates a center of curvature on the objective side of the lens, lens thicknesses (T₁ - T₆), axial spaces among lens elements and back focal plane (S - S₂), refractive indices (ND₁ - ND₆) and Abbe numbers (ν₁ - ν₆), are determined by the following relationship, all radii, thicknesses, and spaces being in millimeters

    ______________________________________                                                                      Index of Abbe                                     Lens RadiusThickness                                                                             Spacing    Refraction                                                                              Number                                   ______________________________________                                                           S  =149.09                                                                     S' =156.50                                                                     S" =158.52                                                                     S"'=166.42                                                        R.sub.1 = 128.461                                                              T.sub.1 =5.22           ND.sub.1 =1.54739                                                                       ν.sub.1 =53.63                             R.sub.2 =- 59.123                                                         I    T.sub.2 =4.00           ND.sub.2 =1.65332                                                                       ν.sub.2 =39.71                             R.sub.3 = 83.524                                                               T.sub.3 =4.30           ND.sub.3 =1.65844                                                                       ν.sub.3 =50.88                             R.sub.4 =-175.509                                                                           S.sub.1  =327.11                                                  R.sub.5 = 175.509                                                              T.sub.4 =4.30           ND.sub.4 =1.65884                                                                       ν.sub.4 =50.88                             R.sub.6 =- 83.524                                                         II   T.sub.5 =4.00           ND.sub.5 =1.65332                                                                       ν.sub.5 =39.71                             R.sub.7 = 59.123                                                               T.sub.6 =5.22           ND.sub.6 = 1.5739                                                                       ν.sub.6 =53.63                             R.sub.8 =-128.461                                                                           S.sub.2   =177.85                                                              S.sub.2 ' =170.60                                                              S.sub.2 " =168.44                                                              S.sub.2 "'=161.22                                            ______________________________________                                     